Alexander Ross Clarke (1828- 1914), a British geodesist (a scientist who makes precise locational measurements of the surface of the earth) made measurements of the earth from many different locations around the world. No single mathematical formula can describe the shape of the earth because of the discrepancy between axes (due to the earth not being perfectly round) and because of the unique surface of the earth with uneven distribution and elevation of landmasses and oceans. The axis between the North Pole and the South Pole is shorter than the axis between opposites ends of the Equator. In order to have maps made accurately, cartographers need to know the exact shape of the earth.
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